You may have heard the words “neurodivergent,” “neurotypical” or “neurodiversity” in a conversation about children, school or even in the news. But what do these terms actually mean?
If you’re a parent, grandparent, teacher or anyone who cares for kids, understanding these terms can help you support a child in your life, especially if they seem to learn, feel or act a little differently from others.
What is Neurodiversity?
Neurodiversity is a word used to describe the natural differences in how people’s brains work. Just like we all look different on the outside, our brains can work in many different ways, too. Neurodiversity reminds us there isn’t one “right” way for a brain to work or develop. The term was coined by Australian sociologist Judy Singer in the 1990s.
While estimates differ, it is generally believed that around 15 percent to 20 percent of the population identifies as neurodivergent.
What Do Neurotypical and Neurodivergent Mean?
There are two terms you might hear when talking about how people’s brains work.
Neurotypical
A neurotypical person is someone whose thinking, learning and behavior fit what most people expect or what is considered typical in society. For example, they usually reach milestones like talking or reading at the “usual” age and handle social situations and rules with relative ease.
Neurodivergent
Many common examples of neurodivergence are actually neurodevelopmental disabilities—a term doctors use to describe lifelong differences in how the brain grows and works. These conditions often appear in childhood and can affect learning, behavior or communication.
Common examples include:
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): ADHD affects skills like attention, self-control and organization. Kids with ADHD may have trouble sitting still, focusing or following instructions. Structured routines, encouragement and sometimes professional support can help them manage challenges and use their strengths.
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Autism affects how a child communicates, interacts and experiences the world. Autistic children may use language differently, prefer routines or have strong interests. Sensitivities to lights, sounds or changes are common. Because every child is unique, support like speech therapy or classroom adjustments can help them thrive.
- Dyslexia: This is a specific learning disability with a neurological origin that affects how the brain processes written and spoken language. Kids with dyslexia may have trouble reading, spelling and sounding out words, even when they are very intelligent and creative in other areas.
- Tourette Syndrome: This neurological condition causes involuntary movements or sounds called tics, like blinking or throat clearing. Tics may increase with stress or excitement, but with understanding and support, children can learn ways to manage symptoms and participate in everyday life.
ADHD, autism and dyslexia are all considered neurodevelopmental disabilities and are part of the broader neurodivergent community. Recognizing these as neurodevelopmental disabilities helps families understand that these are genuine medical conditions, not a child’s fault or due to ineffective parenting.
Real-Life Examples of Neurodiversity
- In the classroom: Emma is bright and curious but gets distracted easily and blurts out answers. She has ADHD and learns best with short breaks and a clear routine.
- At home: Noah loves trains and can name every model, but he finds loud noises and crowded rooms overwhelming. He is autistic and feels better when he knows what to expect.
- Reading time: Grace mixes up letters and takes longer to read, even though she tells amazing stories out loud. She might have dyslexia.
Common Questions About Neurodivergence
It’s normal for families to have questions about neurodiversity. The answers below address common concerns and help make sense of what differences might mean for your child’s everyday life.
- How can I tell if my child is neurodivergent?
Many parents notice things like trouble focusing, needing extra time to learn certain skills or feeling overwhelmed in noisy places. If you see patterns like these, it’s a good idea to talk to your child’s teacher or healthcare provider. They can help you understand if an evaluation or extra support might be helpful. - Does neurodivergent mean the same as mental illness?
Not exactly. Neurodivergent describes how a person’s brain naturally works—like with ADHD or autism. These are lifelong differences, not illnesses you “catch.” While anxiety or depression can affect anyone (including neurodivergent people), they are considered mental health conditions, not types of neurodivergence. - Can a person be neurodivergent and not autistic?
Absolutely. Neurodivergent includes many other conditions like ADHD, dyslexia and Tourette syndrome. Not all neurodivergent people are autistic, and not all autistic people have other conditions.
Supporting Neurodivergent Kids
Here are some ways adults can help:
- Learn together: Ask your child how they like to learn or what feels hard for them. Explore books or videos about famous neurodivergent people.
- Work with teachers: Share what helps your child succeed—maybe using headphones for noise, extra time on tests or hands-on activities.
- Implement routines and visuals: Many neurodivergent kids benefit from routines or visual schedules to know what’s next in their day.
- Be patient and encouraging: Celebrate your child’s strengths, whether it’s creativity, memory or a great sense of humor. Remind them that everyone’s brain is unique.
- Seek extra support: If you have concerns, don’t hesitate to talk with a doctor, school counselor or psychologist. They can provide screening, advice and connect you with resources.
Why Understanding Neurodiversity Matters
Understanding neurodiversity helps families, teachers and health providers work together to create supportive environments. It means partnering with your child’s care team, seeking proper evaluations when needed, and recognizing that behaviors like needing headphones for noise or preferring step-by-step instructions aren’t signs of defiance. They’re practical strategies that help a child’s brain function at its best.
For example, if a child finds reading challenging, an informed approach might involve screening for dyslexia and then focusing on evidence-based strategies, such as multi-sensory reading programs that align with how their brain processes information. Or a student who needs frequent movement breaks or a quiet space may be showing signs of ADHD or sensory sensitivities—health factors that can be managed thoughtfully with input from both families and healthcare professionals.
By viewing these differences through a compassionate, health-aware perspective, you can better advocate for your child’s unique needs, boost their confidence and support their long-term well-being.
Stony Brook Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics is committed to supporting your child’s developmental and behavioral needs with personalized, expert care. Our team of specialists works closely with families, schools and other professionals to develop individualized treatment plans and are actively involved in research and education, contributing to the broader understanding of pediatric development and behavior. For more information or to schedule an appointment, call us at (631) 444-4673 / (631) 444-4794.
