A head injury can happen in an instant, but knowing the signs of a concussion can make all the difference in getting the right care.
Survey data collected by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from September 2018 through September 2019 suggests that concussions and other traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are more common than previously believed.
- In adults, about two to 12 percent reported having a concussion or TBI.
- Among children and teens, about one in 10 experienced a concussion.
- For those involved in sports and recreational activities, that number can be even higher, ranging from about seven to 15 percent of youth athletes.
Because children’s brains are still developing, recognizing and managing concussions in kids and teens requires special attention. Early evaluation can help prevent more serious complications, even if the injury seems minor. This article answers common questions about concussions, including what they are, how they feel and when to seek medical care.
What Exactly Is a Concussion?
A concussion is a type of brain injury caused by a hit or force to the head or body that temporarily affects how the brain works. It usually results from a blow, bump or sudden jolt that causes the brain to move quickly inside the skull. This movement can trigger chemical changes in the brain and sometimes stretch or damage brain cells.
Concussions are classified as mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI). Although often described as “mild” and rarely life-threatening, they can still affect thinking, memory, balance and mood.
In children and adolescents, the developing brain may respond differently to injury, which can affect symptoms, recovery time and how concussions are managed. Most people recover fully within a few weeks, but ignoring symptoms can lead to prolonged recovery or more serious complications.
Concussions in Sports
People who play high-contact sports like football, rugby and hockey have the highest risk of concussion. However, sports such as basketball, baseball and soccer also carry a moderate risk. In all of these activities, collisions, falls and rapid movements can increase the chance of a head injury.
Repeated concussions can have lasting effects on brain health, including problems with memory, concentration and reaction time. Young athletes may take longer to recover than adults and are at higher risk if they return to play too soon.
To reduce risk, athletes should use proper safety equipment, follow sport rules and report symptoms right away.
What Does a Concussion Feel Like?
Symptoms can vary widely. Some people notice them immediately, while others develop them gradually over 24 to 48 hours. You might feel slightly “off,” fatigued or experience more intense physical discomfort.
Common concussion symptoms include:
- Headache or pressure in the head
- Neck pain
- Dizziness or balance problems
- Nausea or vomiting
- Blurred or double vision
- Sensitivity to light or noise
- Trouble concentrating or remembering events
- Feeling mentally slowed down or “foggy”
Children and teens may be particularly vulnerable, as they may not be able to clearly describe how they feel. Younger children may not have the language to explain symptoms like “feeling foggy,” so behavioral changes are often the first clue. Parents should watch for irritability, emotional changes or unusual fatigue.
Concussions can also occur in infants and toddlers and parents should be aware of the unique signs to watch for in babies. In very young children, signs may include excessive crying, changes in sleep patterns, poor feeding or a loss of interest in favorite activities.
Can Concussion Symptoms Appear Later?
Yes. Concussion symptoms do not always appear immediately. Adrenaline from an accident can temporarily mask the pain. Symptoms such as headache, dizziness or difficulty concentrating may show up hours later — or even the following day.
How Long Does a Concussion Last?
Most people recover within seven to 14 days, though recovery time can vary based on age, overall health and the severity of the injury. Children and teens may take longer to recover than adults and often require a more gradual return to normal activities.
People with a history of anxiety, depression, ADHD or migraines may be at higher risk for a longer recovery.
What Is Post-Concussion Syndrome?
Post-concussion syndrome is a condition where symptoms last longer than expected — sometimes for weeks or even months after the initial injury. While most people recover within a couple of weeks, others may continue to experience symptoms that interfere with daily life.
Persistent symptoms may include:
- Headaches
- Dizziness
- Sleep disturbances
- Fatigue
- Difficulty concentrating
- Mood changes such as irritability or anxiety
If symptoms persist or worsen, follow up with a healthcare provider. Early evaluation and management can help reduce long-term effects and support recovery.
Can You Have a Concussion Without Losing Consciousness?
Most people with a concussion do not lose consciousness. Many remain awake and alert but may feel confused, dazed or have difficulty remembering events immediately before or after the injury.
Other signs include:
- Appearing stunned or blank
- Slow responses to questions
- Clumsiness or lack of coordination
Even without loss of consciousness, a concussion may still be present, so it’s important to watch for symptoms.
When to Seek Medical Attention
All head injuries should be evaluated by a healthcare professional. Early evaluation helps confirm a concussion, rule out serious complications and guide recovery.
Medical attention is especially important for:
- Young children
- Older adults
- Athletes
- Anyone whose symptoms worsen over time
Children and teens should be evaluated by a provider experienced in pediatric brain injuries whenever possible.
Signs of a Serious Concussion That Require Emergency Care
While most concussions are not life-threatening, certain symptoms may signal dangerous complications, such as bleeding or swelling in the brain. These red flags require immediate medical attention:
- Severe or worsening headache
- Repeated vomiting or persistent nausea
- Seizures or convulsions
- Slurred speech or difficulty talking
- Unequal pupil size
- Difficulty waking up or extreme drowsiness
- Loss of consciousness
- Increasing confusion, restlessness or unusual behavior
- Weakness, numbness or decreased coordination
If any of these symptoms appear, call 911 or go to the emergency room immediately.
How Doctors Check for a Concussion
There is no single test that can definitively diagnose a concussion. Instead, healthcare providers use a combination of symptom assessment and neurological evaluation, which may include:
- Questions about how the injury happened
- Memory and concentration testing
- Balance and coordination checks
- Vision, hearing and reflex assessments
In children, evaluations are often adapted to their age and developmental level, using child-specific tools to assess attention, behavior and memory.
In some cases, imaging tests such as a CT scan or MRI may be used to rule out more serious injuries.
Concussion Treatment
Treatment focuses on rest and gradual return to daily activities.
Doctors often recommend:
- Physical and mental rest in the first 24 to 48 hours.
- NSAIDs like ibuprofen, Advil, Motrin and Aleve should be avoided for the first 48 hours.
- Limiting screen time and mentally demanding tasks.
- Avoiding sports and strenuous activity until symptoms improve. Athletes will need to complete a return to play protocol before returning to sports or the gym.
- Gradual return to normal routines as symptoms ease.
- A stepwise return to school (“return-to-learn”) with academic adjustments as needed. Academic accommodations can ease the return to school while still having symptoms.
Following medical guidance helps ensure a safe and complete recovery.
When Additional Treatment Is Needed
In some cases, a concussion may require more specialized care, especially if symptoms are severe or do not improve.
Treatment may include:
- Medications for headaches, nausea or sleep problems
- Vestibular therapy for balance and dizziness
- Vision therapy for eye coordination issues
- Cognitive therapy for memory and concentration
Can You Sleep After a Concussion?
It is safe to sleep after a concussion. In fact, sleep plays an important role in brain healing. Once a healthcare provider has evaluated the injury and ruled out serious complications, normal sleep is encouraged.
Knowing the signs of a concussion and when to seek care can help prevent more serious complications. For children and teens, early recognition and age-appropriate care are especially important to support healthy brain development and a full recovery.
