The recent news about the death of actress Catherine O’Hara, where pulmonary embolism was a contributing factor, has brought important attention to this serious condition. While stories like this can seem frightening, knowing the facts helps you take meaningful steps to protect yourself and your loved ones.
A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a condition where a blood clot blocks an artery in the lungs. The good news: it is often preventable and treatable when recognized early. In this article, you’ll learn the basics, warning signs and know when you should seek care.
What Is a Pulmonary Embolism?
A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot travels to the lungs and lodges in a blood vessel.
Most clots begin in the deep veins of the legs or pelvis — a condition called deep vein thrombosis (DVT) — and move through the bloodstream to the lungs. Once a clot blocks blood flow in your lungs, oxygen can’t reach the rest of your body as easily, which can potentially cause serious harm.
If you’re sitting still for long periods (like during a long trip or while recovering in bed) or have recently had surgery or an injury, your chances of developing DVT go up.
Warning signs of DVT include:
- Swelling in one leg
- Pain or tenderness (may feel like a cramp or “charley horse”)
- Warmth, redness or discoloration in the affected area
If you notice these signs, especially after travel, surgery or long periods of immobility, contact your doctor right away.
Common Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism
Symptoms of pulmonary embolism may occur suddenly and can vary from person to person. Common signs include:
- Sudden shortness of breath
- Chest pain that worsens when breathing deeply, coughing or bending
- Rapid or irregular heartbeat
- Cough (sometimes with blood-streaked mucus)
- Dizziness, lightheadedness or fainting
- Excess sweating, or an unexplained feeling of anxiety or “doom”
Not everyone will experience every symptom. Because PE can mimic other health problems, medical tests are usually needed to confirm a diagnosis.
Who Is Most at Risk?
Anyone can get a pulmonary embolism, but the risk is higher if you have:
- Recently had surgery or a hospital stay
- Been inactive or immobile (long car/plane trip, bed rest)
- Cancer or cancer treatment
- Heart or lung disease
- Personal or family history of blood clots
- Are pregnant, postpartum or taking hormone therapies (birth control, HRT)
- Obesity
- Smoking habits
- Older age (risk increases as you age)
If you have multiple risk factors, talk to your doctor about preventive care.
How Is Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosed?
If your doctor suspects a PE, they may use several tests and exams to confirm:
- Physical exam and medical history review
- D-dimer blood test checks for substances released by dissolving clots
- CT pulmonary angiography uses a special dye and imaging to look for clots in the lungs
- Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scan is used if CT scan is not an option
- Ultrasound of your legs in order to detect DVT
Treatment Options
Treatments focus on stopping the clot from growing and preventing new ones:
- Blood thinners (anticoagulants), like heparin, warfarin or newer oral medications help prevent new clots and let your body break down existing ones. Most people take them for several months.
- Clot-busting drugs (thrombolytic therapy), are used in severe cases to quickly dissolve dangerous clots, but carry a risk of bleeding.
- Surgery procedures may be considered if medicines aren’t enough including:
- Catheter-directed clot removal
- In rare cases, the insertion of a filter in a major vein to catch clots before they reach the lungs
Recovery: What to Expect
Most people fully recover from a pulmonary embolism with the right care.
- You may need blood thinners for months or longer.
- Fatigue and shortness of breath can last for weeks or months.
- Follow-up appointments with your physician will help track your progress.
- It’s normal to feel anxious after a PE, be sure to share your concerns with your care team.
How to Lower Your Risk
Simple habits can make a big difference in preventing PE and DVT:
- Move regularly: Walk and stretch, especially during long travel or periods of sitting.
- Stay hydrated: Drink water and avoid dehydration.
- Follow post-surgical guidance: Use prescribed medicines or compression stockings if recommended by your doctor.
- Don’t smoke: Quitting lowers your risk and benefits your full health.
- Maintain a healthy weight.
When to Seek Medical Care
Call 911 or go to the ER if you have:
- Sudden, severe shortness of breath
- Chest pain with breathing
- Fainting or nearly fainting
- Coughing up blood
- Blue lips or fingertips
Call your doctor if you notice:
- Swelling, pain or redness in one leg (possible DVT)
- Mild shortness of breath that is not normal for you
- Mild chest discomfort
Pulmonary embolism is a serious condition. Recognize the warning signs, know your risk and talk to your doctor about any changes you notice. Your health and peace of mind come first.
If you’re concerned about blood clots or pulmonary embolism, Stony Brook Medicine can help. Our specialists provide diagnosis, treatment and long-term care to keep you safe. Call us today or visit our website to schedule an appointment or learn more about pulmonary embolism care.
