Like many other neurological conditions, Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a condition that often has genetic roots. Research suggests that Tourette Syndrome can be hereditary in many cases, although having a family history of the condition does not mean that someone will develop TS.
What is Tourette Syndrome?
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurological condition that causes repetitive, involuntary movements and sounds known as tics. It typically begins in childhood, with symptoms often appearing between the ages of 5 and 10. Studies estimate that 1 out of 162 children have TS, and many children diagnosed with Tourette Syndrome have also been diagnosed with other mental, behavioral or developmental disorders.
Signs of Tourette Syndrome
Tourette Syndrome is part of a spectrum of tic disorders and can range from mild to more severe.
The hallmark signs of Tourette Syndrome include:
- Motor tics: Movements like blinking, shoulder shrugging or facial grimacing
- Vocal tics: Sounds such as throat clearing or sniffing
Tics may vary in frequency and intensity over time and can be influenced by factors like stress, excitement or fatigue.
Is Tourette Syndrome Hereditary?
Yes, Tourette Syndrome is believed to be hereditary. Studies show that the condition is often caused by genetic factors that can be passed down from parents to children.
People with close relatives who have TS or chronic tic disorders (CTD) are at a much higher risk of developing a similar condition. Studies show that first-degree relatives (like parents or siblings) are 10 to 100 times more likely to develop CTD compared to the general population. Twin studies also support a genetic link.
Most cases of Tourette Syndrome seem to involve an interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors. Both genes and environment can impact certain regions of the brain, circuits that connect these brain regions and the production of neurotransmitters, chemicals that help neurons communicate.
However, the inheritance pattern of TS is complex, and having a family history of Tourette Syndrome doesn’t guarantee that the condition will affect a child. Research on this topic is still ongoing, but we know that Tourette Syndrome, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are often present in families and thought to be hereditary.
Key Facts About Tourette Syndrome Causes
- Gene involvement: Multiple genes are believed to contribute to the development of TS, but no single gene has been identified as the sole cause. Studies have found that a small number of people with TS have mutations involving the SLITRK1 gene, which affects how neurons grow and connect with one another.
- Non-genetic factors: A small percentage of TS cases may arise without any identifiable genetic link. Environmental and developmental factors are also thought to play a role in predisposing an individual for TS.
Talking to Family About Tourette Syndrome
When a family member is diagnosed with Tourette Syndrome, it’s natural to have concerns about how the condition might affect future generations. Open conversations and a supportive approach can make a big difference.
Counseling can be a valuable tool for children and families dealing with Tourette Syndrome. A genetic counselor or therapist can help:
- Understand inheritance risks: Gain clarity on how the condition is passed down and what it means for future children
- Manage emotional impact: Provide strategies to cope with feelings of guilt, fear or uncertainty
Educating the whole family about TS can also foster understanding and reduce stigma. Sharing accurate information about the condition’s genetic basis and variability is another way to help create a more supportive environment for those living with Tourette Syndrome.
Next Steps: Managing Tourette Syndrome
While there is no cure for TS, effective management strategies are available. These include:
- Behavioral therapy: Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT) is a proven therapy that helps many people manage tics
- Medications: In some cases, medication may be recommended to reduce tic severity
- Support networks: These are very helpful for coping with feelings of isolation, anxiety and depression
The Stony Brook TAA Center of Excellence for Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders is the only Tourette Association of America-designated center on Long Island and one of just 23 in the U.S. We provide multidisciplinary care for individuals of all ages with Tourette Syndrome and tic disorders, serve as a resource for healthcare professionals, and advocate for our community. Learn more about the center and schedule a consultation here.
