Long summer days can be some of the best times of the year, but when temperatures soar, your body can struggle to keep up. Without proper hydration and cooling, a hot afternoon can quickly turn dangerous, especially for young children, older adults and those with certain health conditions.
One of the most serious heat-related illnesses is heat stroke, a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. Knowing the warning signs of heat stroke and acting fast can help save lives.
What Is Heat Stroke?
Heat stroke is the most severe form of heat illness. It occurs when the body’s internal temperature rises to 103°F (40°C) or higher and its natural cooling system (sweating) fails to bring down the temperature.
Heat stroke is more likely to occur during the hottest months of the year, such as in the summer when there are heat advisories. It often develops in stages, starting with:
- Heat cramps: Painful muscle spasms can develop first, typically during heavy exertion, such as when exercising or doing something active outdoors.
- Heat exhaustion: Symptoms like dizziness, nausea and heavy sweating set in when the body struggles to cool down.
- Heat stroke: The final and most dangerous phase is heat stroke, where core temperature spikes and the brain and organs are at risk of damage.
Heat Stroke Symptoms You Shouldn’t Ignore
How serious is heat stroke? Very. It’s considered a medical emergency and if not treated quickly, it can lead to permanent disability or even death in some cases.
Watch for these key signs and symptoms of heat stroke:
1. Very High Body Temperature
A core temperature of 103°F or higher is a clear red flag. If you suspect someone has heat stroke and you have access to a thermometer, check their temperature right away and get help if it’s high.
2. Altered Mental State or Behavior
Look for signs like confusion, agitation, slurred speech, irritability, seizures or loss of consciousness. These symptoms can sometimes appear suddenly, often along with fatigue and weakness, and are critical warning signs.
3. Dry, Hot Skin (No Sweating)
Unlike heat exhaustion, heat stroke can cause the skin to feel hot and dry even in extreme heat. This means the body’s cooling system has failed. In some cases, skin may feel moist early on but become dry as heat stroke progresses. The skin can also turn flushed, red or become unusually pale.
4. Rapid Heartbeat and Breathing
Heat stroke puts intense stress on the heart and lungs. A strong, fast pulse and rapid, shallow breathing can indicate your body is overheating.
5. Headache, Dizziness or Nausea
These symptoms can occur during earlier stages (heat exhaustion), but if they intensify or occur with other symptoms (like confusion and rapid heart rate), it could signal heat stroke.
6. Muscle Weakness or Cramps
Persistent muscle cramps, weakness or collapse from fatigue are all warning signs of heat stroke, especially when paired with other symptoms.
What to Do If You Suspect Heat Stroke
If you or someone else shows signs of heat stroke, call 911 immediately. While waiting for emergency responders:
1. Move the person to a cooler area. Try to bring them into an air-conditioned building or somewhere breezy and shady.
2. Remove excess clothing. Stripping the person downhelps the body cool.
3. Cool the body quickly with whatever is available. Try using:
- Ice packs
- Cool, wet cloths that can be applied to the skin or placed on the neck, armpits and groin
- A fan
- Sprayed cool water
Do not give someone with heat stroke fluids if they are unconscious or confused, as this may pose a choking risk. If they’re conscious and able to drink cold water, give them sips.
Who’s Most at Risk for Heat Stroke?
While heat stroke can happen to anyone, certain groups are more vulnerable, including:
- Infants and children
- Adults over 65
- People with chronic illnesses (including heart disease and diabetes, since heat puts extra pressure on the cardiovascular system)
- Outdoor workers and athletes who are prone to getting very hot
- People taking medications that affect temperature regulation (like diuretics or antihistamines)
How to Stay Safe This Summer
Prevention is your best defense against heat exhaustion and heat stroke.
To avoid heat stroke:
- Drink cool water or drinks with electrolytes regularly, even if you’re not thirsty (if you suffer from heart, kidney or liver disease, or have fluid retention, consult a doctor before increasing your fluid intake)
- Avoid strenuous activity during peak heat (usually 10am to 4pm), especially in the sun
- Wear lightweight, light-colored clothing
- Take frequent breaks in the shade or air conditioning
- Never leave children or pets in a parked car
- Avoid caffeine, soda or alcoholic drinks when spending time in the heat.
- Check on elderly friends and family who may not have air-conditioning
If you or someone you’re with experiences heat stroke symptoms, don’t wait—seek emergency care right away. For residents and visitors of Eastern Long Island, the Stony Brook East Hampton Emergency Department is a free-standing emergency department servicing patients 27/7 all year long, including holidays.
